Published: February 18, 2026. Last targeted research review: October 5, 2026 (targeted review of EU AI Act, U.S. trade controls, and cited market evidence). Source set: 16 public references. Pending rows are intentionally kept visible where evidence remains insufficient.
S1: European Commission: AI Act overview and implementation timeline
Updated Commission page last updated 2026-08-03; accessed 2026-10-05The AI Act generally applies from August 2, 2026. Prohibitions and AI-literacy provisions began applying February 2, 2025; GPAI provider obligations began August 2, 2025. Following the Digital Omnibus that entered into force July 27, 2026, Annex III high-risk obligations apply from December 2, 2027 and Annex I obligations from August 2, 2028. Classification depends on the AI use case; sales software is not automatically high-risk.
Published: 2024-08-01 (entry into force)
Open sourceS2: NIST AI Risk Management Framework Playbook
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05The voluntary Playbook gives suggested actions under Govern, Map, Measure, and Manage. NIST says it is not a checklist or a set of steps to follow in full.
Published: Page version date not stated
Open sourceS3: OFAC: 31 CFR §501.601 recordkeeping requirements
Updated Final rule effective 2025-03-21; accessed 2026-10-05Records of transactions subject to OFAC rules generally must be kept for at least 10 years after the transaction date. OFAC’s final rule extending the period from five to 10 years took effect March 21, 2025; blocked-property records have a separate retention trigger.
Published: Regulatory text in force
Open sourceS4: 15 CFR §762.6 (EAR record retention)
Updated eCFR current 2026-10-01; accessed 2026-10-05EAR records must be retained for five years from the latest relevant event (export, reexport, transfer, or transaction completion).
Published: EAR regulation
Open sourceS5: EU Regulation 2021/821 consolidated text (Article 27)
Updated Consolidated text version 2023-05-26Article 27 requires records for dual-use export and brokering to be kept at least five years; records for intra-Union transfers at least three years.
Published: 2021-05-20
Open sourceS6: Trade.gov Consolidated Screening List
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05The search application aggregates multiple US government restricted-party datasets and is updated daily at 5:00 AM EST/EDT.
Published: US International Trade Administration guidance
Open sourceS7: OFAC Sanctions List Search Tool
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05OFAC search supports fuzzy logic on name fields and covers SDN plus Non-SDN list datasets used in sanctions checks.
Published: US Treasury tool
Open sourceS8: UNCTAD Global Trade Update (April 2026)
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05UNCTAD reports goods and services trade grew by about USD 2.5 trillion (7.5%) to a record USD 35 trillion in 2025.
Published: 2026-04-07
Open sourceS9: UNCTAD Global Trade Update (March 2025)
Updated 2025-03-14UNCTAD notes around two-thirds of international trade still moves tariff-free, while policy and geopolitical uncertainty remains elevated.
Published: 2025-03-14
Open sourceS10: OFAC Framework for OFAC Compliance Commitments
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05OFAC defines five essential sanctions-compliance components (management commitment, risk assessment, internal controls, testing/auditing, training) and requires routine updates for dynamic sanctions risks.
Published: 2019-05-02
Open sourceS11: BIS Enforcement: Penalties and Related Information
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05BIS states that, as of January 15, 2025, EAR administrative penalties can reach the greater of USD 374,474 per violation or twice the transaction value, plus denial of export privileges.
Published: Penalty guidance page
Open sourceS12: eCFR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732 (BIS "Know Your Customer" red flags)
Updated eCFR current 2026-10-03; accessed 2026-10-05Exporters have a duty to inquire when red flags appear. If concerns remain unresolved, they should refrain from the transaction or submit relevant information to BIS in a license application or other specified form.
Published: Current eCFR text
Open sourceS13: BIS Press Release: Haas Automation BIS/OFAC settlement
Updated 2025-01-17On January 17, 2025, BIS and OFAC announced about USD 2.5 million in combined penalties tied to 41 admitted EAR violations and mandated post-settlement audits/reporting.
Published: 2025-01-17
Open sourceS14: European Commission: Guidelines for providers of GPAI models
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05The Commission states GPAI obligations apply from August 2, 2025, enforcement powers start August 2, 2026, and models placed on the market before August 2, 2025 must comply by August 2, 2027.
Published: 2025-07-18
Open sourceS15: eCFR Appendix A to Part 501 (OFAC enforcement guidelines)
Updated eCFR current 2026-10-03; accessed 2026-10-05OFAC may penalize failure to furnish required information up to USD 29,150, or USD 72,876 when transactions exceed USD 500,000, and continuing violations may accrue monthly.
Published: Current eCFR text
Open sourceS16: OFAC Enforcement Information (Civil Penalties and Enforcement Actions)
Updated Accessed 2026-10-05OFAC publishes annual enforcement totals; the 2025 row reports 14 penalties with aggregate settlements of USD 265,746,819.
Published: Annual enforcement registry
Open source